How Do Change The Telephone Number On A Vintage Western Electric 202 Phone,you Tube

Telephones

From ETHW

Bound to:navigation, search

This article was initially written every bit part of the IEEE STARS program.

Citation [edit | edit source]

The telephone is the equipment that a person uses to access the telephone network and talk to another user. Along with phone transmission and switching, the phone is 1 of three major subsystems that make up a telephone network. At its simplest, a telephone translates complex sound waves into their electrical analogs for manual, and conversely converts those electric waves back into audible and intelligible spoken communication. Over the century following the beginning working telephones, the instruments evolved in ways that improved their efficiency, reliability, ergonomics, and convenience. This commodity covers neither cellular telephones nor other special purpose telephones.

Introduction [edit | edit source]

Forth with telephone transmission and switching, the telephone musical instrument—the user interface—is one of the three major subsystems that make upward a telephone network. To a substantial extent, the history of innovations in telephony is an American story, in part because as tardily equally the 1950s the U.Due south. had more than than half of the globe's telephones, and in office considering AT&T, operator of the Bell System and its inquiry arm, Bell Telephone Laboratories, played a dominant role in telephone innovation. Over the century following the starting time of telephone service, the instruments evolved in means that improved their quality, efficiency, reliability, and ergonomics, keeping in step with advances in transmission and switching.

Invention [edit | edit source]

By the mid-1850s, the telegraph had been established every bit the major electric communications system throughout much of the industrialized globe. It was not a large intellectual spring from using an electric current to transmit the on-off electrical pulses of telegraphic code to using that electric current to send sounds and human spoken language. Charles Bourseul in France published a description of how speech might be transmitted electrically in 1854. Phillip Reis in Federal republic of germany constructed and demonstrated an appliance designed to practice just that in 1861, though in that location is trivial consensus on how well it worked. Reis coined both the High german word "fernsprecher" and the English word "phone" for his device, but information technology never became more than a curiosity that faded from view with Reis'southward early death. Others continued to make the aforementioned intellectual bound, about notably Elisha Grayness, an established American telegraph inventor, and Alexander Graham Bell, a beau trying to brand his mark. The ii men'south piece of work largely paralleled each other for several years get-go in 1873; they both began by trying to develop a harmonic telegraph, a device that would transmit multiple telegraph messages over a single wire by sending each one on a dissever electrical frequency, by 1874, they were applying what they had learned to solving the problem of the transmission of speech communication. In that year, Alexander Graham Bong came up with a key concept, which he chosen "undulating current." That is, to transmit speech 1 wanted a continuously varying electric current in the class of a wave analogous to the original audio wave—not the intermittent electric current of telegraphy. Bell sought to construct a device to translate sound waves into electric waves. His device, afterward known equally the "gallows telephone" due to its shape, produced an undulating current by electromagnetic induction. With it, Bong transmitted spoken language sounds on ii June 1875, but not intelligible speech.

On the basis of this work, on 14 February 1876, Bong filed a patent awarding with the U.S. Patent Role entitled "Improvement in Telegraphy." While many of the claims related to the application of an undulating current to the harmonic telegraph, the most historically significant merits was for its awarding to the manual of speech. On the same day, Gray filed a patent caveat, a document stating that he was working on inventing a telephone and predictable filing a patent application at a time to come date. The question of who deserves credit for the invention of the telephone was examined in detail by the courts, and later past historians. Gray undoubtedly hurt his case by not pursuing his merits; he never filed for a patent. Bell on the other mitt energetically promoted his devices. (See the article by B. Finn cited below for details.) In Bell's key patent, 174,465, awarded on March seven, 1876, he received credit for his induction transmitter and receiver together with the all-important principle of transmission past undulating current. In other countries this concluding merits was not allowed, thus making it possible for others to compete with different instruments.

While the Patent Office was evaluating his awarding, Bell turned his attending from electromagnetic induction to variable resistance. Using variable resistance, he transmitted the first telephone message on 10 March 1876 in a Boston, Massachusetts, cranium. Bell and his banana Thomas Watson wrote dissimilar versions of the famous commencement sentence in their respective notebooks. Bell wrote what he said, "Mr. Watson come hither I desire to see you" while Watson wrote what he heard, "Mr. Watson come here, I want you." The device became known as the "liquid transmitter" since the continuously varying current was created by the dipping of a needle (which was attached to a diaphragm) in a small container of acidulated h2o. This liquid transmitter was function of an electric excursion, which too contained a bombardment to provide the current, and a tuned-reed receiver, on which Watson, downward the attic's hall, heard Bell'south voice.

Within a month, Bong had abandoned variable resistance transmitters for further and ultimately more fruitful development of electromagnetic devices. On 30 January 1877, Bell received a second patent, No. 186,787, for a working electromagnetic phone.

Effigy ane. Alexander Graham Bell'due south second telephone patent, 1877.

Bell began demonstrating his invention and with several assembly formed the Bell Phone Company to exploit it. Bong ceased active participation in the company in 1878, leaving further development to others. These early telephones used the same electromagnetic instrument for both transmitter and receiver. However, its use as a transmitter was less than satisfactory because the electromagnetic instruments use simply the energy in the sound waves as the source of the electric electric current, severely limiting the amount of electric current bachelor. Variable resistance transmitters, on the other hand, use the audio waves to modulate an existing and potentially larger current already nowadays in the excursion, typically via a battery, and thereby could amplify the voice signal. Indeed, until vacuum tubes became bachelor in the mid-1910s, variable resistance transmitters were the only style to dilate the point. With variable resistance transmitters providing increased electric current, electromagnetic receivers performed satisfactorily in converted the electric signal back into sound waves.

Other Components [edit | edit source]

The commercial phones introduced by the Bell Telephone Company in 1878, for use in the earliest telephone exchange, contained ii electromagnetic devices: each shaped to be held in the hand, ane for use equally a transmitter and the other as a receiver. They became known every bit "butter stamps" owing to their distinctive shape. The phones sported two other important components, both invented and patented past Bell'due south former assistant, Thomas Watson, the fledgling company's engineer. These comprised a hand-cranked magneto that the subscriber used to generate a current to bespeak the switchboard operator to make a call, and a two-bell polarized ringer that the operator could utilise to signal to the subscriber when in that location was an inbound call. Hilborne Roosevelt invented the switch hook in 1877, whereby the phone calling excursion could be opened and closed past picking up and hanging upwards the receiver, rather than by using a separate switch.

Effigy 2. 1878 "coffin" telephone, Charles Williams Jr., Boston, MA. Information technology featured two A. G. Bell-designed "butterstamp" transmitter/receivers. (Courtesy AT&T Archives and History Center)

Variable Resistance Transmitters [edit | edit source]

Inside two years of Bell's invention, several inventors had developed workable variable resistance transmitters, all using the principle that the resistance betwixt two conductors in loose contact varied with the pressures applied to them. Working in the United States, Thomas Edison in 1877 devised a transmitter using a button made of a pressed cake of carbon lampblack and a stiff metal diaphragm. He added an induction coil, which matched the currents and impedances of different parts of the circuit. Edison'due south transmitter came into use in several countries, including Great U.k., and in U.S. telephone exchanges operated by Western Wedlock Telegraph, though these Edison transmitters were gradually retired after Western Union sold its telephone business to Bell in 1879.

Effectually the same fourth dimension, Emile Berliner, besides working in the United States, devised a variable resistance transmitter that utilized a solid steel ball pressed confronting an iron diaphragm. Afterwards the Bell Company acquired Berliner's patent rights, the company's Francis Blake built upon Berliner's work, devising another carbon-button based transmitter. The Blake transmitter worked well over the short distances typical of early telephone exchanges, and became standard in Bell telephones in the 1880s. It was besides widely adopted in Britain and other countries.

Meanwhile in England, David Hughes devised a variable transmitter using carbon pencils in loose contact with each other, providing several points of contact and thus potentially amend amplification. Henry Hunnings, also in England, developed the first transmitter using powdered carbon. This initially produced superior amplification, but over time the powdered carbon shifted and compressed, reducing distension beneath satisfactory levels.

There was an additional circular of innovation in the post-obit decade. Edison returned to phone work, and in 1886 devised an improved granular carbon transmitter using roasted powdered anthracite coal granules, which did not readily pack together, and an improved chamber to concur the button. Edison sold this invention to Bell. Finally, Bong'south Andrew White improved on Edison's invention in 1890 with the solid back transmitter, which eliminated the packing problem for a transmitter used in a fixed position. Information technology became the standard for transmitter design in the United States and through much of the world for the next 35 years.

Telephone Sets [edit | edit source]

By the end of the 1870s, all of the basic components for a working telephone had been developed: variable resistance transmitter, electromagnetic receiver, magneto, ringer, switch hook, and induction coils. So, while in the belatedly 1870s one Bell Arrangement model rapidly replaced another, in 1882 the Western Electric Visitor, which had recently become the manufacturing arm of the Bell Company, introduced a standard model which remained in production, with incremental improvements, through nearly of the decade. It was a large wooden wall set with 3 separate boxes attached to a backboard. The top box contained the ringer, the magneto, and, at its left side on a switch claw, the electromagnetic receiver. The middle box contained a Blake variable-resistance transmitter and an induction coil, and the bottom box 2 wet-cell batteries. Since Blake transmitters produced only enough current to be usable over brusk distances, typically under 20 miles, early on long-distance networks required the use of Hunnings transmitters, mounted horizontally to minimize packing, on special long-altitude phones. In the 1890s, both Blake and Hunnings transmitters gave way to White's solid block transmitters, and the primal box on the standard wall ready gave manner to a transmitter affixed to a metal arm.

Figure 3. Western Electrical "three box" telephone, 1882. (Courtesy AT&T Archives and History Center)

European telephone designs in this period were similar to American ones for a variety of reasons, including the presence of Western Electric in all European markets--except, afterward the early on 1890s, Deutschland. But there were some differences—most notably the appearance of telephones with combined handsets, containing a both a transmitter and a receiver in a single piece. These sets were more convenient to agree and use, only they suffered from the following drawbacks:

1) The positional upshot, where the transmitter decreases in efficiency as the carbon falls abroad from the two electrodes equally the transmitter moves farther from the vertical;

2) Sidetone, where feedback from sound going directly from the transmitter to the receiver, both through the air and through the electric connexion between the transmitter and the receiver, induces the speaker to compensate by speaking more softly; and

iii) Howl, or the feedback between the transmitter and receiver from vibrations traveling in the handset.

I notable combined handset telephone, introduced past Ericsson of Sweden in multiple European markets, turned the magneto into a decorative external frame that too held the handset cradle and switch hook. While convenient for the subscriber to hold, and pleasing to await at, it did non solve the problems inherent in combined handsets.

Effigy four. Ericsson "skeleton" telephone, 1890s. (Courtesy Ericsson Historical Athenaeum, Centre for Business History)

Common Battery Sets [edit | edit source]

Since telephones are just one element in a network, a change elsewhere in the network could lead to a alter in telephone design. 1 example was the mutual battery system, introduced in the mid-1890s in United States and before long after in Britain. There a depression dc electric current was sent from the phone exchange down the transmission wire to all subscribers. Once installed in a given local exchange, this arrangement removed the demand for both the magneto and the local batteries on the telephone, allowing for a new, smaller, and more simplified design for the subscriber'south set. Mutual battery sets also required far less maintenance since in that location were no local batteries that needed periodic replacement. This arrangement reduced costs and improved reliability.

Since common battery systems were installed i substitution at a time, and were for many years not suitable for longer circuits, such as those typically found in rural areas, magneto phones connected to be widely used. Common battery circuits also required upwards-to-appointment college efficiency transmitters, like the White solid dorsum. Therefore, when the British Post Office acquired the privately operated National Phone Visitor in 1912, information technology had to retire all of the Ericsson hand-set magneto telephones before it could update the exchanges.

Figure five. Western Electric common battery ready, with Anthony C. White's solid-back transmitter, patented in 1892 (U.S. Patent 485,311). (Courtesy AT&T Archives and History Centre)

Mutual battery systems also fabricated possible the development and big-scale introduction of desk sets, telephones designed to sit on a desk or table, which for many telephone subscribers was a more user-friendly arrangement. Western Electric introduced a series of desk-bound stands betwixt 1897 and 1904, leading to the Model xx, commonly known as the "candlestick" subsequently its shape. With pocket-size modifications it remained the well-nigh widely used model for over 25 years. To brand a phone modest enough for a desk-bound elevation, the ringer and the induction gyre, collectively known every bit the network, were placed in a dissever box on the wall. This box was known as the subscriber set or subset, and later included additional components designed to decrease sidetone and electrical interference. Thus, the desk stand contained simply the receiver, transmitter, and switch claw. Similar phones soon became popular in Europe.

Figure 6. Western Electric Model twenty Desk Stand up or "candlestick," 1907. (Courtesy AT&T Athenaeum and History Centre)

Dial Telephones [edit | edit source]

Dial telephones were tied to the invention of automated switching past Almon Strowger and its development by Automatic Electric, the Chicago-based company formed to exploit Strowger's patent. Automatic switching required that the subscriber transport signals to operate the switch from his or her telephone, since a human operator would no longer routinely handle the phone call. Alexander Keith and two co-workers devised a practical device—the numbered telephone punch—in 1896, and Automatic Electric began selling systems of Strowger switches and dial telephones to some of the new, independent, non-Bell telephone companies. These appeared in the Us subsequently the expiration of Bell's 2d patent in 1894.

Figure 7. Alexander E. Keith and John and Charles J. Erickson's patent for the dial phone, 1898.

The rotations of the punch sent electrical pulses to the switch to indicate the digits of the telephone number. Dialing a i produced one pulse as the dial returned to its original position; dialing a ix produced nine pulses; and so on. Automatic Electric produced both desk and wall dial telephones. Past 1914, over 400,000 dial telephones were in service in contained telephone visitor exchanges in the United States. In 1919, the Bell System installed its beginning dial telephones in Norfolk, Virginia, so undertook the enormous multi-decade task of converting its exchanges from manual telephones and switches to punch telephones and automated switches, ane exchange at a fourth dimension.

Figure viii. Western Electrical Model 50AL dial phone, 1921. (Courtesy AT&T Archives and History Middle)

The British Mail service Office installed the first dial telephones in Great Uk, in Epsom, Surrey, in 1912; well-nigh other countries moved to dial telephones gradually after Globe State of war One.

The Construction of the Phone Industry and the Design of Telephones [edit | edit source]

The nature of the telephone manufacture played a major part in shaping the blueprint of telephones in ways atypical of most consumer durables. In nearly every country, except the United States and several provinces in Canada, the mail service office managed telephone service as a government monopoly. For example, telephone organisation nationalization occurred in French republic in 1889, Britain in 1912, and Sweden in 1918. In the Us, while the telephone industry remained in the private easily of AT&T, it operated after 1913 every bit a government sanctioned, regulated, private monopoly. It controlled all long distance lines and over fourscore pct of local lines with the remaining independent companies local lines connected to AT&T'southward long lines, and more often than not following AT&T'due south business organization model. In all these monopolies, public or private, telephones were leased to subscribers as function of their monthly service, and not endemic by subscribers. Thus, to a large extent telephones were not subject to consumer way. For the nigh role they were designed for efficiency and durability, rather than style, and remained unchanged for many years. A subscriber had at most a express selection of a few styles and little opportunity to change to a newer model. Over time, Western Electric and other manufacturers made incremental improvements in a variety of components, including transmitters and receivers, to improve the technical quality of the service.

The Revival of Combined Handsets [edit | edit source]

The introduction of combined handset telephones in the United states is a partial exception to the rule that telephone designs were non subject area to consumer fashion, and therefore remained unchanged for years. In that location was subscriber convenience and mode in having the transmitter and receiver in a single handset; and in sure countries, including France, combined handset telephones were ever a popular selection. In other countries, including the United states of america, and later on the early on 20th century, Great Great britain, they were not bachelor, because while stylish and convenient they were technically inferior, as noted in a higher place. Just by 1918, Bong officials realized that some affluent subscribers were replacing their Bell-provided desk sets with these more than stylish combined handset phones, which were imported from Europe or made past independent American firms. Concerned about the integrity of its network, Bell began a research program that year to design a combined handset that would lucifer the functioning of the desk stand telephone.

By 1926, the work at Bell Labs had advanced to the point where there was a new carbon transmitter with profoundly reduced positional effects, and a combined handset with minimal howling. AT&T placed this new handset, the E1, on a shortened candlestick base of operations, and began offering information technology to subscribers for an additional monthly fee, even though Bong Labs President Frank Jewett brash against the plan, calling for customer field trials starting time. Jewett proved prescient as a big percentage of the transmitters in these phones failed within two years. The Labs redesigned the transmitter, added an anti-sidetone circuit, and introduced two successive bases, the circular 102 then the oval 202, designed specifically for the handset. By 1931, 26 pct of Bell subscribers had the newer phones. Still, the transmitters anile poorly, typically requiring repair or replacement within iv years. The newer phones, like the candlestick before it, came in black, merely Western Electric painted pocket-size quantities of them a scattering of other colors. Telephone companies did non publicize these colored phones, though they were available to subscribers for an actress monthly accuse.

Effigy 9. Western Electrical Model 102 Desk-bound gear up, 1928 (Courtesy AT&T Archives and History Centre)

Bell Labs researchers went back to work, and the outcome in 1937 was a completely new phone pattern, the Western Electric model 302. It featured a completely redesigned transmitter and a new handset designated the F1. More significantly it was a complete desk-bound telephone; all of the familiar components of the subscriber set up were redesigned and made smaller then that everything could exist housed in the telephone itself. The 302 was efficient, durable, and popular, and remained in production through the early 1950s. By 1941, eighty percent of Bell telephones in service featured combined handsets. The 302 was also the starting time handset where Bell explicitly considered aesthetics. After an external pattern contest in 1934 failed to produce a phone that met the Labs' technical requirements, Bell hired industrial designer Henry Dreyfuss who, in conjunction with the company's engineers, designed the 302. Dreyfuss and his firm would design all of AT&T's phones through the 1960s. The first 302s had a blackness metal case, merely showtime in 1941, 302s came with cases of blackness Bakelite plastic. Bell placed over 25 million 302 series phones in service between 1937 and 1951.

Figure 10. Western Electric Model 302 telephone, Bakelite plastic instance, 1941-1951. (Courtesy AT&T Athenaeum and History Center)

The British Mail service Office reintroduced a combined handset phone in 1929. 50. M. Ericsson of Sweden introduced a combined handset phone with a plastic Bakelite instance in several European countries in 1931, and an improved model, similar to the Western Electric 302 in 1938. The British Post Office offered the latter phone as its model 300, though information technology was popularly known every bit the "Neophone."

Developments after World War II [edit | edit source]

In 1951, the Bell System introduced a new standard telephone, the Western Electric 500, adult again at Bell Labs. The 500 featured evolutionary improvements over the 302, which it gradually replaced in the first half of the 1950s. These improvements reduced costs for AT&T while providing an improved experience for the subscriber. At that place were several notable improvements. The handset (type G1) was 25 percent lighter, with a flat back that was easier to hold. The redesigned transmitter and receiver were five decibels more efficient (and thus put a stronger signal on the subscriber's wire), enabling their use on longer local exchange circuits without modification. The numbers, which had been under the finger hole in earlier dials, were now outside the dial, for better readability and reduced wear. For the first time, the ringer volume could be adjusted by the subscriber. Bell Labs too designed the 500 for easier, less expensive repair in the field. The case, again designed by Henry Dreyfuss, had a more than streamlined, rounded design, and was made from a new thermoplastic material with reduced production costs. While Bell initially marketed the 500 in black only, the new plastic could exist manufactured in about whatsoever color, leading to the 1954 introduction and advertisement of telephones in a range of colors, available for an actress monthly accuse. A wall set up, popular peculiarly in kitchens, followed in 1956. The 500 had an unusually long production run until 1986. Similar phones followed in other countries, including the model 706, made past Ericsson for the British Post Function in 1959, and the Ericsson Dialog, introduced in multiple European countries in 1962.

Effigy 11. Western Electric Model 500 telephone, c. 1951 (Courtesy AT&T Archives and History Eye)

Ericsson started another trend with the first one-piece telephone, the Ericofon. The Ericofon had its dial in its base of operations, and the phone was hung upwardly simply past putting it down. Ericsson introduced this telephone in 1954 through the Swedish phone authority, for institutional use in hospitals and like facilities. Because of consumer interest, phone regime began offering the Ericofon for full general use, first in Sweden in 1956, and Kingdom of denmark in 1957, and eventually throughout the earth. Information technology typically rented for an extra charge. The Australian Postmaster-General's Department, for example, began renting the Ericofon in 1963. It was the kickoff phone design since the early on 20th century that was marketed and adopted primarily for mode rather than function.

Figure 12. Ericsson Ericofon, 1956-1972. (Wikipedia Commons, Public Domain)

AT&T introduced a very different phone to exist marketed for its style in 1959. The Princess phone featured a broad, low, oval shape, and was marketed with the slogan, "it'south piffling, it'due south lovely, information technology lights."

Effigy 13. Western Electric Princess telephone, 1963 (Courtesy AT&T Archives and History Center)

The initial design had several flaws. The ringer, too large to fit in the telephone, was in a separate box at the wall, leaving the set too light in weight and likely to follow a lifted handset string and fall off the table. After a redesign fixed these bug in 1963, the phone became a popular second household set.

Figure xiv. Evolution of the Western Electric Trimline telephone, 1959-1965. 50 to R: lineman'south test set, early image with full-sized dial, commercial Trimline phone with new dial. (Courtesy AT&T Archives and History Heart)

Finally, in 1965, AT&T introduced the first dial-in-handset phone, the Trimline. The Trimline required a major engineering effort to reduce the size of several components–the ringer, the receiver, and well-nigh notably the dial, which was reduced in size by removing the empty space between the ane and the 0, and making the finger stop movable. Information technology was the last major blueprint introduced past the Bell System before the organization's breakup in 1984. Like the Princess, it rented for an boosted monthly charge. One additional modify during this catamenia, the introduction of touch-tone service, led to alternate versions of Bell's telephones featuring keypads rather than dials.

Figure fifteen. Western Electrical ten button, touch-tone telephone, Model 1500, 1964 (Courtesy AT&T Archives and History Eye)

Affect-tone service transmitted tones at a unique pair of frequencies for each key to indicate the digits of the number that the subscriber wished to attain. These tones, working in conjunction with new equipment added to existing switches, were able to travel through the entire network rather than only as far as the local switch, and thus had the potential for a variety of boosted uses. Bell introduced touch-tone service gradually through the Bong System, beginning with two exchanges in 1963. Past 1976, Bell had equipped 70 percent of its exchanges for affect-tone service. Bell's boosted monthly charges for this option slowed its charge per unit of adoption. Early on touch-tone phones had x keys, corresponding to the finger holes on the rotary dial. In 1968, Bell added the * and # keys to enable these phones to access a range of advanced features, producing the standard 12-button key pad. Affect-tone technology spread slowly to other countries. For case, affect-tone service became bachelor in Sweden in 1978, using telephones supplied by Ericsson.

Through the 1960s, all telephone transmitters connected to be derivatives of the carbon variable-resistance transmitters developed in the 19th century. Just in 1962, Gerhard Sessler and Jim West at Bell Laboratories developed an entirely new type of transmitter, the foil electret. Start in the tardily 1970s, foil electrets began to supervene upon carbon transmitters in telephones. Foil electrets provided multiple advantages: small size, low cost, broad frequency response, and solid-country durability.

The long history of there being simply a limited number of telephone models, with those models being adamant by and rented from the local telephone monopoly, began to change in 1975, subsequently the United States Supreme Court ruled that subscribers could own their ain telephones. This led to a proliferation of telephone manufacturers and designs, and a shift from telephones designed to work without fail for many years to telephones every bit a disposable consumer good. Contest in phone sets led to much innovation, leading to, among other things, the widespread adoption of cordless phones. Sweden allowed private telephone ownership in 1980 and Great britain as well in 1981, the latter as role of the privatization of its postal phone arrangement. Other countries made the transition likewise, typically when they too privatized their government-owned phone systems. With this change in the nature of service, an era in telephony came to a close.

Acknowledgements [edit | edit source]

The author wishes to acknowledge the many useful suggestions made past Alexander Magoun, Managing Editor of the STARS program, several members of the STARS editorial board, and William Caughlin, Corporate Archivist, AT&T.

Timeline [edit | edit source]

1861, Phillip Reis demonstrates and names a phone, which transmits sound
1875, Alexander Graham Bell succeeds in transmitting oral communication sounds
1876, Bell succeeds in transmitting intelligible speech
1877, Edison, Berliner, Hughes, and Hunnings invent solid variable-resistance transmitters
1878, Francis Blake invents a variable resistance, solid carbon transmitter that Bong adopts
1878, Thomas Watson receives patents for the magneto and the ringer
1886, Thomas Edison invents the granular carbon transmitter
1890, Anthony White develops the solid-back transmitter
1892, L. 1000. Ericsson of Sweden introduces the first widely used handset phone
1896, Alexander Keith, John Erickson, and Charles Erickson invent the dial telephone
1896, First common bombardment telephones get into service, in Worcester, Massachusetts
1927, First combined handset telephone installed in the Bong Arrangement
1937, Western Electric introduces the Model 302 desk phone with an improved handset
1949, Western Electric Model 500 introduced; kept in production until 1986
1956, Ericsson Ericofon: the get-go one-piece, modern phone marketed on the ground of style
1962, Gerhard Sessler and James W of Bong Labs invent the foil electret microphone
1963, Touch Tone dialing introduced by AT&T
1977, Consumers in the U.S. could ain rather than charter phones; other countries follow

Bibliography [edit | edit source]

References of Historical Significance [edit | edit source]

Alexander Graham Bell. 1877. "Improvement in Electric Telegraphy". U. S. Patent No. 186,787, thirty Jan 1877, filed 15 Jan 1877

Alexander E. Keith, John Erickson, and Charles J. Erickson. 1896. "Calling Device for Telephone Substitution". U.S. Patent No. 597,062, 11 January 1898, filed 20 August 1896

Westward. C. Jones and A. H. Ingles. "The Development of a Handset for Phone Stations". Bell System Technical Journal 11, no. 2 (April 1932), p. 245-63

R. Fifty. Deininger. 1960. "Homo Factors Applied science Studies of the Blueprint and Utilise of Pushbutton Phone Sets". Bell Organisation Technical Periodical 29, no. 4 (July 1960), p. 995-1012

Gerhard Yard. Sessler and James E. West. 1962. "Electroacoustic Transducer". U.Southward. Patent No. 3,118,022, xiv January 1964, filed 22 March 1962

References for Further Reading [edit | edit source]

Sally Clarke. 1998. "Negotiating between the House and the Consumer: Bell Labs and the Development of the Modern Telephone," in Karen R. Merrill, ed. The Modern Worlds of Business and Industry, p. 161-82. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols

Andrew Emerson. 1986. Old Telephones. Princes Risborough, England: Shire Publications

L. K. Ericsson Corporation. n.d.. The History of Ericsson (www.ericssonhistory.com). Accessed 14 March 2013

Chiliad. D. Fagan, ed.. 1975. A History of Engineering science and Science in the Bell Arrangement: The Early on Years 1875-1925, p. 59-194. Murray Hill, NJ: Bell Telephone Laboratories

Bernard Finn. 2009. "Bell and Greyness: Simply a Coincidence?". Engineering science and Culture, Vol. 50, no. 1 (Jan 2009), p. 193-201

Ralph O. Meyer. 2005. Old-Time Telephones! Designs, History, and Restoration, 2nd edition. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing

P. J. Povey and R. A. J. Earl. 1998. Vintage Telephones of the World. London: Peter Peregrinus

[edit | edit source]

Sheldon Hochheiser is archivist and institutional historian at the IEEE History Center in Hoboken, New Jersey. Prior to joining IEEE, he spent 16 years equally corporate historian for AT&T, acting as both subject matter proficient on AT&T history and manager of the corporate archives. While at AT&T, Dr. Hochheiser curated historical exhibits, completed oral histories with company executives, and studied every aspect of the history of the telephone in the United States. He earned a Ph.D. in the History of Science at the University of Wisconsin, and a B.A. in Chemistry-History at Reed College.

Source: https://ethw.org/Telephones

Posted by: gordonquamblus.blogspot.com